Introduction Energy conservation is an essential aspect of everyday lives due to the increased exploitation of the energy sources. It is necessary to have alternative sources of power for sustainability purposes. There are many sources of the alternative energy Mark Giordano Jersey Youth , but the most reliable is from sunlight that forms the basis of solar photovoltaic technology. The basic definition of solar photovoltaic technologies is the systems with an ability to convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity by use of large solar panels. The technology involves the absorption of the solar photons and conversion of part of their energy to electricity or storing part of the energy in a chemical reaction. The conversion principle has a basis on the photoelectric effect that describes the release of the positive and negative charge carriers in solid state upon striking a surface. The photovoltaic (PV) materials and devices have the ability to convert the energy from the sun into electrical energy thereby called solar cells. The PV systems are important parts of everyday lives. They provide power for the small consumer items like calculators as well as the complex systems for communication satellites, water pumps, lights, and other machines. It provides the most economical and least expensive form of electricity for their appliances.
Working Principle of Solar Photovoltaic Solar cells have various semiconducting materials. Semiconductors are the materials that become electrically conductive when under supply of light or heat but behave like insulators at low temperatures. A significant number of the solar cells in use have silicon as the semiconductor material. The production of a solar cell from a semiconductor material requires doping with either p-or n-chemical elements that are in the form of conducting semiconductor layers. The addition of doping material creates an interior, electric field that leads to the separation of the charge carriers from light energy. The solar cells use metal contacts to tap electric charge that flows as direct current upon closing of the outer circuit (Chow, 2010).
The exposure of certain semiconducting materials to sunlight makes them release small quantities of electricity. The process is photoelectric and refers to the emission of electrons from the surface of a metal in response to irradiation by light energy. It forms the basic physical process for the photovoltaic cell to convert sunlight into electricity. The rays of the sun comprise of photons called particles of solar energy. The photos have different levels of energy that corresponds to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. After striking the PV cell, the photons undergo reflection, absorption, or pass right through. The absorbed photons are responsible for the generation of electricity. The energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the PV cell. After acquiring the energy, the electron moves from its position in the atom of the semiconductor material; thereby joining the current in the electrical circuit. It leaves a hole from its original position that requires filling thereby constituting a flow of electrons which is current. The electrical properties of the PV cell make the generated voltage support an external load. At present, a significant population in the world use power for their homes and businesses by use of individual solar PV systems (Razykov, Ferekides, Morel, Stefanakos, Ullal & Upadhyaya, 2011). The utility companies also use PV technology for the large power stations. The solar panels mostly used have many solar cells combined into modules having an approximate of 40 cells. The panels require mounting at a fixed angle facing the direction of sunlight. Some have a tracking device that follows the sun thereby allowing it to capture the most sunlight. Most of the solar cells are flat and offer increased efficiency (Michael & Goic, 2015).
Most of the PV cells are either crystalline silicon or thin film. The crystalline silicon modules are made from the monocrystalline, multi-crystalline, or the ribbon silicon. The thin film type comprises a range of different technologies that include amorphous silicon. The use of the solar electrical energy generated requires additional components like inverters, charge regulators, and batteries. Basic components of a solar PV system The solar photovoltaic system consists of several components. Solar panels help to convert sunlight into electricity. It entails a combination of several modules to increase the electrical power generated by the system. A DC Isolator provides a safe means of disconnecting the solar panel from the inverter for maintenance. The solar PV system has an Inverter that converts the direct current electricity generated by the solar panels to alternating current. The inverter is a safe link between the solar generator and the main electricity network. A generation meter counts the number of units of electricity produced by the PV system. It is essential in the calculation of the amount of load for the electrical system. An AC isolator provides the same means of disconnecting the solar PV system from the electricity supply. It is usually beneficial when there are emergencies (Mayfield, 2015). The mounting equipment to the PV panels is of significance. The mount should allow the panels get maximum sunshine throughout the day. Some can be tracking mounts that allow the movement of the PV panels depending on the changes of the face of the sun (Quesada, Guillon, Rousse, Mehrtash, Dutil & Paradis, 2015). Another component is the wiring and fuse box connections. The wiring and connections to the household main fuse box are of significance when installing the PV system. It is also important to have disconnect-switches that should be within easy reach by the user. 聽
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